Emergency Medicine Pathways

Systematic evaluation of acute chest pain to identify STEMI, NSTEMI, PE, aortic dissection, and other life-threatening causes.

Recognition and immediate treatment of anaphylaxis in adults and children, following Resuscitation Council UK / NICE guidelines.

Identification of sepsis and immediate delivery of the Sepsis Six bundle within 1 hour of recognition.

Rapid assessment, diagnosis, and management of suspected acute ischaemic stroke and TIA using FAST, ROSIER, and NIHSS tools.

Assessment and management of acute asthma exacerbations, severity classification, and escalation criteria.

Diagnosis and management of DKA in adults following JBDS guidelines with fluid resuscitation, fixed-rate insulin infusion, and monitoring.

Time-critical management of convulsive status epilepticus using the established benzodiazepine, phenytoin/levetiracetam, and anaesthetic escalation pathway.

Risk stratification and management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage using the Glasgow-Blatchford score and Rockall score.

Risk stratification, diagnosis, and management of pulmonary embolism using Wells score, PERC rule, and PESI score.

Systematic ATLS primary survey approach to major trauma: ABCDE with simultaneous haemorrhage control, C-spine precautions, and activation of major haemorrhage protocol.

Risk stratification and urgent treatment of hyperkalaemia with cardiac stabilisation, potassium shifting, and elimination strategies.

Major Haemorrhage / Massive Transfusion clinical pathway.

Resuscitation Council UK ALS algorithm for in-hospital cardiac arrest in adults — shockable vs non-shockable rhythm, drugs, reversible causes, post-ROSC care.

RCUK adult tachycardia algorithm — stable vs unstable, narrow vs broad complex, regular vs irregular.

RCUK adult bradycardia algorithm — drug therapy, transcutaneous pacing, transvenous pacing.

NICE NG115 / GOLD 2024 management of AECOPD — controlled oxygen, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics, NIV.

BTS 2023 guideline — symptom-based vs size-based approach to primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults.

NICE NG240 — early antibiotics, dexamethasone, lumbar puncture indications, contact prophylaxis.

Thunderclap headache assessment — Ottawa SAH rule, CT within 6h, LP after 12h if CT negative, neurosurgical referral.

NICE NG232 — CT head selection, observation, discharge advice for adult head injury.

Adult burns — Wallace rule of nines, Lund-Browder, Parkland formula, escharotomy, referral criteria.

JBDS-IP — recognition and management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes; conscious vs unconscious treatment, post-event review.

Society for Endocrinology — recognition and immediate management of adrenal crisis; emergency hydrocortisone, fluids, glucose, sick-day rules.

NICE NG106 — diagnosis with NT-proBNP, echo, oxygen, IV diuretic, vasodilators, NIV; ESC profile-based therapy.

NICE CG109 — assessment of TLoC, red flags, San Francisco / Canadian Syncope rule, admission criteria.

RCEM/RCPsych/NICE NG10 — de-escalation, oral options, IM rapid tranquillisation, monitoring, post-event review.

BSG 2019 / NICE NG141 — risk-stratify with Oakland score, stable vs unstable, imaging strategy, transfusion thresholds.

Swiss staging, passive vs active rewarming, ALS modifications, ECMO referral for stage III/IV with cardiac instability.

Core temp >40°C with CNS dysfunction — rapid cooling within 30 min critical, supportive care, complications.

Differentiate sight-threatening vs benign — angle-closure glaucoma, GCA, retinal detachment, central retinal artery occlusion, scleritis.

NICE NG118 — analgesia, low-dose CT-KUB, expectant management vs urgent intervention for obstruction/sepsis.

RCUK adult choking algorithm — encourage cough, back blows, abdominal thrusts, advanced airway in unconscious.

CK ≥5× ULN with myalgia / dark urine / AKI — aggressive fluid resuscitation, electrolyte management, identify cause.

NICE NG133 — recognition of severe pre-eclampsia, blood pressure control, magnesium sulfate for eclampsia, urgent obstetric input.

NICE NG126 — assessment of early pregnancy bleeding, βhCG + USS, surgical/medical/expectant management, anti-D.

NICE NG225 — non-judgemental assessment, treat physical injury, mental state and risk assessment, psychosocial referral.

Differentiate testicular torsion (urgent) from epididymo-orchitis, torsion of appendix testis, hernia, hydrocele.

Adult stridor — anaphylaxis, angioedema, epiglottitis, foreign body, deep neck space infection, croup.

ERC 2021 — primary respiratory pathology, in-water rescue breaths, modified ALS, no role for routine c-spine immobilisation.