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Adenosine deaminase inhibitor (purine analogue, specialist)

Pentostatin

Brand names: Nipent

Pentostatin is a purine analogue cytotoxic given by intravenous injection, used mainly in hairy cell leukaemia and certain other lymphoid malignancies.

Auto-extracted from the source labelling — not yet independently clinician-verified. These values were distilled from the UK SPC (or the US label where noted) but have not had a clinician sign-off. Confirm against the current SmPC before prescribing.

Adult dose

Dose: 4 mg/m2 body surface area
Route: Intravenous - by bolus injection, or diluted in a larger volume (25 to 50 mL of 5% dextrose or 0.9% sodium chloride) and given over 20 to 30 minutes
Frequency: Every other week
Max: Higher doses are not recommended (US label)
NO UK SPC (eMC) RECORD WAS FETCHED for this bundle - the entire regimen below comes from the US prescribing information for Nipent (Hospira, Inc., label date 2026-07-01, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5db62458-cb13-4a2a-b7ee-6ed3fca88a8c) and must be verified against the current UK SPC and local practice. Indication in the fetched label: treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. HYDRATION: patients should receive 500 to 1,000 mL of 5% dextrose in 0.5 normal saline (or equivalent) before administration, plus an additional 500 mL of 5% dextrose (or equivalent) after the dose. RECONSTITUTION: transfer 5 mL Sterile Water for Injection to the vial and mix to give 2 mg/mL; may be given by IV bolus or diluted with 25 mL or 50 mL to give 0.33 mg/mL or 0.18 mg/mL respectively. Reconstituted or diluted solution should be used within 8 hours (no preservatives). DURATION: the optimal duration has not been determined - in the absence of major toxicity and with continuing improvement, treat until a complete response is achieved; administration of two additional doses following a complete response has been recommended (not established as required). Assess all patients at 6 months: discontinue if neither a complete nor a partial response has been achieved; continue if a partial response has been achieved, and give two additional doses whenever a complete response is subsequently achieved, then stop. If the best response at 12 months is a partial response, stop treatment. WITHHOLD/DISCONTINUE: withhold for severe rash; withhold or discontinue for evidence of nervous system toxicity; withhold during active infection and resume when the infection is controlled; withhold temporarily if the absolute neutrophil count falls below 200 cells/mm3 in a patient whose initial neutrophil count was greater than 500 cells/mm3, and resume when the count returns to pre-dose levels. No dosage reduction is recommended at the start of therapy in patients with anaemia, neutropenia or thrombocytopenia, and dose reductions are not recommended during treatment for anaemia and thrombocytopenia if the patient can otherwise be supported haematologically. No extravasation injuries were reported in clinical studies. PAEDIATRIC: safety and effectiveness in children or adolescents have not been established. Any under-18 use must be verified against a children's formulary and specialist paediatric haemato-oncology protocol.

Dose adjustments

Renal

Patients with elevated serum creatinine should have their dose withheld and creatinine clearance determined. There are insufficient data to recommend a starting or subsequent dose for patients with impaired renal function (CLcr <60 mL/min); such patients should be treated only when the potential benefit justifies the potential risk. Two patients with impaired renal function (CLcr 50 to 60 mL/min) achieved complete response without unusual adverse events when treated with 2 mg/m2.

Dose auto-extracted from US FDA prescribing information (openFDA / DailyMed) — cross-check; US labelling may differ from UK — not yet clinician-verified. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.

Contraindications

  • Hypersensitivity to pentostatin

Side effects

  • Nausea and/or vomiting (63% frontline, 53% interferon-refractory)
  • Fever (46%) and chills (19%)
  • Rash (43%) and pruritus (21%)
  • Fatigue (42%)
  • Leukopenia (22% frontline, 60% interferon-refractory); infection including upper respiratory infection
  • Cough (20%), myalgia (19%), headache (17%), diarrhoea (17%), abdominal pain (16%), anorexia (13%)

Interactions

  • Fludarabine phosphate: combined use is NOT recommended - may be associated with an increased risk of fatal pulmonary toxicity
  • Allopurinol: both are associated with skin rashes; combined use did not appear to increase rash incidence in 25 refractory patients, but one patient receiving both experienced a fatal hypersensitivity vasculitis (causal role unclear)
  • Vidarabine: pentostatin enhances its effects; combined use may increase adverse reactions associated with each drug and the therapeutic benefit is not established
  • Carmustine, etoposide and high-dose cyclophosphamide (bone marrow transplant ablative regimens): acute pulmonary oedema and hypotension leading to death have been reported in the literature

Clinical monograph

How it works

It potently inhibits adenosine deaminase, causing accumulation of deoxyadenosine nucleotides that are toxic to lymphocytes.

Prescribing in practice

  • It is profoundly immunosuppressive and myelosuppressive, predisposing to serious and opportunistic infection, so it must be given under specialist haemato-oncology supervision with appropriate prophylaxis.
  • Adequate hydration is required around administration to support renal handling, and the dose is reduced in renal impairment.
  • Concurrent use with fludarabine has been associated with severe, sometimes fatal pulmonary toxicity and is contraindicated.

Monitoring

Monitor full blood count, renal function, and for signs of infection throughout treatment.

Counselling the patient

  • Report fever or any sign of infection without delay, as your immune system will be suppressed.
  • Maintain good fluid intake around each treatment as advised by the team.
  • Effective contraception is needed during and after treatment.

Evidence & guidelines

Pentostatin is an established option for hairy cell leukaemia supported by long-standing clinical use and trial data.

Reference: BCSH hairy cell leukaemia guideline; ESMO; SmPC; Drug verified in RxNorm (NLM); confirm dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC). Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).

Related

Curated clinical cross-links plus same-class fallbacks.