Doxepin
Brand names: Sinequan (oral), Xepin (topical)
Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant; orally it is used for depression and anxiety, and a topical formulation is used for pruritus.
Adult dose
Dose adjustments
Dosage reduction may be required in patients with renal impairment; no numeric adjustment is stated (SPC 4.2).
Dose auto-extracted from UK Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) via the eMC; US FDA prescribing information (openFDA / DailyMed) — cross-check; US labelling may differ from UK — not yet clinician-verified. Always confirm against the product SmPC and your local formulary before prescribing.
Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to tricyclic antidepressants, doxepin or any of the excipients
- Mania
- Severe liver disease
- Lactation (breast-feeding)
- Glaucoma
- Tendency to urinary retention
- Co-administration with MAOIs, or MAOI use within the past two weeks (US label section 4.2)
Side effects
- Drowsiness (common)
- Dry mouth and constipation (common); nausea, vomiting, indigestion, diarrhoea (frequency not known)
- Postural hypotension and flushing; tachycardia (frequency not known)
- Blurred vision (frequency not known); urinary retention (rare)
- Dizziness, headache, tremor, paraesthesia, dysgeusia (frequency not known); ataxia and convulsions (rare)
- Psychiatric effects: insomnia, nightmares, mania, confusion, agitation, suicidal ideation and behaviour (frequency not known); hallucinations (rare)
- Skin rash, facial oedema, photosensitivity, pruritus, urticaria (uncommon); jaundice and blood dyscrasias including agranulocytosis (rare)
Interactions
- Buprenorphine / opioids - risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition; observe the patient carefully, particularly at initiation and dose increases (eMC 4.4)
- MAO inhibitors - do not administer doxepin if the patient is on an MAOI or has used one within the past two weeks (US label 4.2, 7)
- Cimetidine - doubles doxepin exposure; a maximum dose of 3 mg is recommended in adults and the elderly for the low-dose US insomnia product when co-administered (US label 7.2)
- Alcohol - sedative effects may be potentiated (eMC 4.4; US label 7.3)
- CNS depressants and sedating antihistamines - sedative effects may be potentiated (US label 7.4)
- CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 inhibitors (and to a lesser extent CYP1A2, CYP2C9) - may increase doxepin exposure (US label 7.1)
- Other medicines with anticholinergic effects - once-daily dosing must be adjusted carefully (eMC 4.4)
- Tolazamide - a case of severe hypoglycaemia has been reported (US label 7.5)
Clinical monograph
How it works
It inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin and has potent antihistaminic and antimuscarinic activity, the latter contributing to its sedative and antipruritic effects.
Prescribing in practice
- Like other tricyclics, doxepin is cardiotoxic and dangerous in overdose, so it should be used cautiously where suicide risk or cardiac disease is present.
- Marked sedation and antimuscarinic effects limit use in the elderly and in those with prostatic hypertrophy, glaucoma or arrhythmias.
- Even topical application can cause significant systemic absorption and drowsiness, so application area and frequency should follow the SPC.
Monitoring
Monitor mood, suicidal ideation, sedation and cardiac and antimuscarinic effects during treatment.
Counselling the patient
- May cause marked drowsiness; take care with driving and skilled tasks.
- Report palpitations, fainting or severe dry mouth.
- Do not exceed the prescribed dose and do not stop suddenly.
Evidence & guidelines
Tricyclic antidepressants are effective for depression but their overdose toxicity is well documented, informing cautious use.
Reference: SmPC Sinequan / Xepin; NICE NG222 (Depression in adults 2022); Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines 14th ed.; Drug verified in RxNorm (NLM); confirm dosing against the manufacturer SPC (eMC). Verify against your local formulary and current prescribing references before prescribing. The structured dose values shown have been reviewed by a clinician. Monograph status: clinician-reviewed (2026-07-04).
Related
Curated clinical cross-links plus same-class fallbacks.
- Acute Behavioural Disturbance / Rapid Tranquillisation · RCEM 2022; RCPsych 2022; NICE NG10
- Self-Harm Presentation · NICE NG225 (2022)
- Capacity Assessment (Mental Capacity Act) · MCA 2005; Code of Practice
- Acute Psychosis Management · NICE CG178 2014
- Depression Management · NICE CG90 2022
- Lithium Therapy Monitoring · NICE CG185